I took a moment to eat and think about this further and I thought of the following elite bonuses for hypothetical green officer skills:
Best of the best: 1% repair per second for fighters, 40% hard flux dissipation for fighters, fighters can contest objectives. (two effects that make fighters less vulnerable to chip damage, and a homage to the original "Deployment points bonus from objectives is at least 10% of the battle size, even if holding no objectives" effect)
Support doctrine: Deployment cost of the ship is reduced by 10 points or 20%, whichever is less
Edit: for clarification, this would mean the skills would have the following effects:
Best of the Best: +1 fighter to all wings
(Elite)
1% hull repair per second for fighters
40% hard flux dissipation for fighters
Fighters can contest objectives
Support doctrine: Unofficered ships within 1000 su gain non-elite Helmsmanship, Damage Control, Combat Endurance and Ordnance Expertise.
(Elite)
Deployment cost of the ship is reduced by 10 points or 20%, whichever is less
I was thinking of leaving support doctrine the same: I think the uncertain nature of making it within 1000 units of a ship that has the skill would be a deal-breaker!
For the elite effects: a defensive boost primarily for fighters is what I'm reading from it. 1% hull repair per second would be a boost for fighters especially considering they hover around a target. Maybe throw in armor as well. Some sort of hard flux dissipation for fighters to help the shielded ones would do the same thing, but it would probably require some tweaking to fighter dissipation: there is weirdness going on there considering that many of them have a 'no weapon flux' hullmod. I don't think this is impossible to do, but it would need some careful value tweaking (exactly what %, what the fighter's dissipation is, etc).
Here is my first idea for what the fighter capstone's non-elite skill could be: All wings get +1 fighter.
Roider Union Mod fighters approve this message!
Yeah, this might break some things! In vanilla the only single wing fighter is the cobra and it is terribad, so getting +100% wing count is fine. But mod fighters with things "corvettes" for 30 OP (basically full fledged regenerating frigates) would be nuts.
On the one hand, I don't think vanilla should balance around mods; on the other, maybe a straight +1 is just too simplistic. +50% rounded down then? So the poor cobra still suffers alone, but
2 --> 3
3 --> 4
4 --> 6 (Aaiiiii the flash! Remnants rejoice!)
5 --> 7
6 --> 9
Put like that it does start to look excessive...
It cannot be spammed (easily) because it is limited by officer count.
Hmm, to me it feels like this is a conceptual deal-breaker - 8-10 officers, plus potentially mercenaries, feels like an ample number for spamming purely carriers, or very nearly so. I don't think it's anywhere near sufficient to rein in the disproportional increase in power fighters get from being better in some way. Consider that the current skills cap out at 8 wings, where for officered ships it's... way, way more than that, even if you don't put them into Astrals.
Maybe if the skill carried some kind of scaling with the number of fighter bays benefitting from it, hmm. But at that point it might almost be another fleetwide skill/effect. And, also: if we're adding a new skill, some other skill needs to be removed, since we've got 10 per aptitude all filled up.
(Also do think that +1 wing size is an awkward bonus because of how disproportionate it is... and it doesn't lend itself to scaling down if that's the approach.)
Hmm, you know when you put it that way, 8-10 + mercenaries really is a lot. Would the scaling of the fleet skills be enough to deter that approach, IE they could all have the capstone but otherwise would be weaker?
Lets see, 8 Herons at 24 bays would make the fleetwide replacement rate be 50%*(8/24)*1.5 = 25%. Likewise speed would get a 10% boost. That's a lot less, but still decent bonuses. Then again, for the fleet-wide skill's the problem has never really been that they get bad at what they do, its that they don't do enough to make fighters competitive.
This kind of points to the idea of there being an individual ship capstone skill similar to missile spec isn't workable without too much other work. What about an individual skill, not a capstone, that is more modest in power? Or, alternatively, a few of the current skills could get fighter effects.
And, also: if we're adding a new skill, some other skill needs to be removed, since we've got 10 per aptitude all filled up.
I think the idea of moving the effect of Best of the Best to Industry and replacing that with something fighter related could work. A properly scaling fleet-wide fighter skill for example.
[Edit] Missed your edit!
Edit: thinking about this a bit more, it feels like the least disruptive way to do this would be through just tuning up the existing fighter fleet-wide skills a bit. I'm not sure if that's truly necessary or not, though. I feels like fighters can already be part of an effective composition?
I think some aspects of fighters can be effective: those requiring them to be present as distractions and support work ok because they get a lot of replacement rate. For dealing with frigates and destroyers, current interceptor and heavy fighter options, respectively, are pretty good. They are fast enough to keep up and concentrate, and don't take too many OP so battle carriers can focus on other things. In the early to midgame, I've found that carriers, as long as they can be kept safe, can maul smaller enemies for only 1 or 2 skill points invested.
But dealing with heavier ships in the mid and late game, when they have officers, is rough. This might be due to control/timing issues (attacking pristine targets and then not being ready to attack something in trouble), but bombers in particular are very hard to get value out of. Wave timing vs being held back vs vulnerable targets, combined with no support in terms of damage output and projectile hitpoints, combined with some questionable-at-time target selection/pathing, let skilled enemies just shrug off bomber strikes and while their friends around them delete the wings.