I also think that more varied personalities would help here, they don't even have to be advantageous.
How about a paranoid officer who likes to shoot empty space, a choleric one who doesn't stop shooting at disabled ships, or a prideful one who doesn't back away from superior forces? They could get big related skill bonuses to keep them attractive (and more interesting) choices. You could implement that as independent (rare?) personality traits or as sub-traits to the main ones (aggressive-prideful, aggressive-paranoid etc.).
I do like the idea of giving tradeoffs for bad behaviors, though that also has some potential downsides - if the player "gets" it, it could be great. If not, it could be "jeez look at this broken AI".
On the topic of the player 'getting it', I think there's a really easy UI answer for that. Basically an officers traits are displayed like pictures with tooltips (just like all the other thumbnails) when looking at them. When seeing the summary written it might just say 'proud' but when you read the tooltip for what proud means, it says:
This officer is too proud (alrhough his crew sometimes say stupid) to give in to any foe.
His ship will not back off or retreat, even in the face of overwhelming forces.
Once in combat, can't be ordered to move away or withdraw.
Gains 20% shield, armour and hull strength.
Gains 50% peak performance time, and CR reduces at 50% speed.
So on the surface it just says 'proud', no buffs shown. On the tooltip it tells you, and this links it all together.
Furthurmore, I really like the idea of the officers having these 'personalities' more than the current ones. The current ones are rather generic - basically 'aggressive, balanced, defensive, non-combatant' under some new names. These should be 'standing orders' toucan give to any ship, with or without an officer. The officer spices it up by having these quite different traits that are much more unique, have more personality, and interact with the player a lot more (through the giving/taking of orders maybe). Some extra ideas:
Singleminded: will follow through with an order with no care for anything else, until it has been completed. Can't be given a new order until the last one is done.
Opportunistic: orders are more a 'recommendation' for this officer. Will change their mind if something better pops up.
Devoted: will refuse to go further than 1000m {balance} from the player. If they find themselves further away, will immediately return. Can only deploy at the same time as player ship, and will always deploy with it
Bezerk: once they spot an enemy ship, they'll engage and become deaf to any orders (unlike proud, who will still receive target preference etc)
Frightful: will keep away from bigger ships, even if that means disobeying orders. Will engage at range, if out of their range.
These are just to give a taste : the key thing is that it's always s bit unique, a bit of a handicap but you get appropriate buffs too, making them quite specialised. It's future content of course but I think it would do much better at giving officers personality, and something unique. Of course you'd probably have these as extremes (maybe 25% of the time?)
Just my personal humble opinion, I understand the current limits.