If only ship quality doctrine started putting S-mods into the mix with a high enough investment
Having no heavy industry so your 1/5/1 doctrine fleet of d-modded export junk is s-modded to the gills when
I was thinking something like, instead of hard-capping ship quality rolls at zero D-mods, they could start going into S-mods instead. Like, if the state of your colony and doctrine is such that your ships have a mean of one D-mod, with a standard deviation of one, then there would be a 2% chance of three or more D-mods, a 13% chance of two D-mods, 68% chance of one D-mod, a 13% chance of zero D-mods, and a 2% chance of one or more S-mods.
Adjusting ship quality upwards by enough to amount to one D-mod in the mean would, on average, make every ship one mod better, regardless of where it currently stands. As it is, if your distribution has a mean of zero D-mods, you already have an 85% chance of zero D-mods, and adding another 'one D-mod' worth of ship quality to that zero only improves the combat potential of your patrols by about a tenth of what it would if industry were worse.
As an aside, I noticed that officer quality is a pretty decent proxy for how "good" a faction is. Church is a little bit of an exception, and League is higher than it'd otherwise be by virtue of having a nanoforge that would make more investment into ship quality or quantity somewhat extraneous, but the ones are the card-carrying bad guys, and the five is for the closest thing to a protagonist faction.
5: Hegemony,
3: Persean League
2: Luddic Church, Luddic Path
1: Sindrian Diktat, Lion's Guard, Tri-Tachyon, Pirates
It feels like there are quite a few inconsistencies, there. The ruthless, optimization-obsessed megacorp and the ostentatious but otherwise conventional military junta cares less about martial education and selection than the religious guys fielding converted freighters? The not-Delian-League centered around a world whose chief export is warships and the officers that command them is more quantity-focused than the guys modeled after the Domain, for whom attrition warfare is implied to be standard practice, and who bulk up their fleets with civilian auxiliaries?