Every single colony and habited space station has a dockyard. If you're in the outer parts of the map, open the map and see which core worlds are closest to you (the centre of the map), then literally fly out to any non hostile station/planet which has faction colours on it.
There isn't a need for "locate stations" button since the core worlds are all named and have dozens of places where you can repair. If you're in the middle of nowhere, well passive repair will take some time but it will do the exact same thing as a quick station repair. Unless you're talking about restoring ships (removing d-mods), which shouldn't be an urgent matter.