(including Scarlet Devils and Space Jihad Modifications, which are my own mods and which I suspect might be the cause):
Spoiler
{"enabledMods": [
"anotherportraitpack",
"arbuzwork",
"ARC",
"armaa",
"astroidships",
"BSC",
"HMI_brighton",
"clearCommands",
"lw_console",
"diableavionics",
"XLU",
"HHE",
"FPE",
"fluffships",
"GrandColonies",
"HMI",
"HMI_SV",
"IndEvo",
"interestingportraitspack",
"internalaffairs",
"kadur_remnant",
"kazeron",
"keruvim_shipyards",
"kingdomofterra",
"lw_lazylib",
"ArkLeg",
"LTA",
"luddenhance",
"mag_protect",
"mag_protect_soldier",
"MagicLib",
"Mayasuran Navy",
"memeportraits",
"missingships",
"su_CarrierHullmod",
"more_hullmods",
"nexerelin",
"kayse_phaseships",
"OcuA",
"ORA",
"paraqueeght",
"wisp_perseanchronicles",
"prv",
"PulseIndustry",
"rotcesrats",
"roider",
"sanguinary_autonomist_defectors",
"tahlan_scalartech",
"scarlet_devils",
"SCY",
"shadow_ships",
"space_jihad_modifications",
"superweapons",
"surveycorpssp",
"tahlan",
"Terraforming and Station Construction",
"exalted",
"star_federation",
"TORCHSHIPS",
"underworld",
"US",
"UGH",
"vayrashippack",
"vic",
"shaderLib"
]}
Good news for me personally, is that my mod (hullmods that alter various ship stats etc.) is not the likely cause of this particular crash. Bad news is, I still don't known what the cause is.
Since my game crashed earlier, when I tried to load a save (after I had rebooted the game), I attempted to recreate the bug with a fresh save. To do so, I made a new character, saved, went back to the main menu and loaded the save again. No crash, even after a minute of travelling through space, so completely unlike earlier. Then I did the same with a complete game reboot inbetween. Still, no issue.
It seems the crash is caused by something that happens throughout the game.