It's sort of hard to see exactly how you've got ships outfitted, but my general advice is this:
- Remember that kinetic weapons are effective against shields and HE are effective against armor so try and mix the two together. Energy weapons are decent all around, but cost a lot flux to fire so pay attention to the 'weapon flux' value you can see when outfitting. Try to keep that as close to dissipation as possible for any weapon type. This usually requires maxing out vents. Sometimes it's worth leaving weapon slots empty to reduce weapon flux as well.
- fleet composition wise, the ships you have are all pretty good choices, but you probably want more destroyers right now. Frigates become pretty useless when you start fighting lots of cruisers, capitals ships and carriers so I wouldn't recommend getting too many more. Hammerheads are the best destroyer for the AI but sunders and medusas are good and enforcers are ok. More cruisers are always nice but be careful because they are expensive and cost significantly more resources to maintain, so you can easily expand your fleet too quickly and not be able to support it. By the end of the game, my fleet is usually mostly cruisers and capitals but early on, the smaller ships are a good way to get stronger with a budget.
I'll also just comment on a few weapon load outs I can see from the screen shot.
- for the apogee I generally don't like to use a High Intensity Laser because it deals HE damage and the apogee doesn't have another good way to knock out shields. If you can find an auto pulse laser or plasma cannon, those are better choices. I also wouldn't use anti-matter blasters, they have too short range to do much and the AI will fire them at bad times. If I have a plasma cannon, I tend to leave those small energy slots empty. The locust is a good choice.
- for the falcon, the loadout its pretty good, but I would use different kinetics in the front slot. Probably heavy assault cannons or heavy needlers. The HVD is for kiting at long range but the phase lances have bad range so they don't go together well. You could also swap the phase lances for graviton beams and that would compliment the HVD's better. I would also personally use pd lasers instead of burst pd to save ordinance points but that's a matter of preference.
- for the tempest, use a pulse laser if you can, mining blasters suck.
- for carriers in general: trident and dagger bombers are really good but they mostly pair well with longbows to overload before the torpedos hit. Broadswords are good but only deal kinetic damage, so pairing them with claws or warthogs can do a lot more.