I think the accuracy stat is the only place in-game that describes recoil in a quantitative way. It may not be perfect, but in my experience you can safely rely on it to know which weapons can fire accurately for a sustained period and which ones can't. In fact, it probably ought to be labeled "recoil" instead of "accuracy," because as far as I've noticed all weapons have very high accuracy with their first shot. It's only once recoil kicks in that it gets worse for some.
One other critical thing to know is that mounting a weapon on a hardpoint will reduce the effects of recoil by 50%. (Hardpoints are the mounts that fire in a fixed direction, as opposed to turrets.) You can dramatically see the effects of this by trying something with a high recoil on each mount type. The Heavy Autocannon is a good one to try, or the Light Dual Autocannon if you don't have medium weapons/mounts to use yet.
The difference is significant enough that, in my opinion, it's barely worth using a high-recoil weapon on a turret mount without some other kind of recoil compensation (e.g. an officer with Gunnery Implants and the Armored Weapon Mounts hullmod). On a hardpoint, though, the same weapon might do just fine with no extra help.
Unfortunately the game barely communicates the hardpoint recoil reduction; I think the only place it's ever mentioned is in one of the rotating tips on the menu screen.