For starting out you should aim for a Lasher or a vigilance via the choices at the beginning, reading the codex does help but is not necessary,
The Lasher is an excellent jack of all trades type of ship. it can load out with quite a bit of firepower even packing torpedoes or missiles. I know you said your having issues with names, the Lasher is the small red frigate that kind of looks like you might expect a fighter to look if it was much bigger.
the targets you should be going after like many have said is lone fighters/bombers, being able to fight and capture these can be a huge bit of loot to add right off the bat, whether you sell them or use them, i'd suggest selling any bombers you get as they are actually worth a LOT of money if fully repaired. most frigates you can fight well with the Lasher, avoid anything blue, period. blue ships means they are tri-tachyon ships which are super high tech, they will turn a Lasher and a lot of other ships into molten scrap really, really quickly. The ship you want to keep an eye out for are buffalo MK II's, this ship i suggest you look in the codex and learn exactly what it looks like so you can identify one easily, the reason you want to find these is that they are super easy to kill, and worth quite a bit of money. Especially if you capture, repair and sell it. Now i should tell you that this ship WILL NOT go down without a fight, near the end of it's life it will use its ship system to throw literally ALL of it's missiles at you, if you are unprepared for it this can and will either deal lots of damage to you, or kill you outright, the only other thing to worry about on this ship is that it has a single AM blaster on the front of it usually, this weapon is small, and extremely lethal, it deals massive damage but only has 20 rounds and a VERY short range come at the ship from the sides and you should be okay, if your wondering what makes the fight so easy, its that this ship has NO shields, so anything you throw at provided you don't miss will hit armor or hull and do damage, if you focus down the armor in one spot the buffalo very rapidly collapses.
If you capture and sell a few buffalos you should have more than enough money to afford a great fleet.
Other things you should know, do NOT neglect the character skills, in fact read all of them, if you don't understand one, either post here or send one of us more experienced players a message, we'll help you out. Also with your first bit of credits i'd suggest buying a talon wing to accompany you, having just those 4 little fighters around can REALLY help in an early fight.
Also don't attack anything brown or blue on the map, brown is the hegemony, think of them as your friend, they are great to retreat behind if a fleet is chasing you because they will usually wreck pretty much anything. The blue fleets are the Tri-Tachyon, they aren't really your friends but they regard the player as neutral so they'll leave you alone, their ships are all really high tech and like i said earlier can turn starting fleets and ships into molten scrap really fast.
Red fleets are the pirates and will be your main source of income, and grey fleets are the independents, they mostly go about their own business, and can have some valuable ships for the taking if you swing that way. But they will put up a fight.