Just for reference, I whipped this up in excel. Hopefully I didn't screw anything up.
There are a few interesting things to note.
Pretty much every weapon loses a significant chunk of max damage from hull armor except in the most extre
HE weapons suffer a little from the 5% armor, but none are severely crippled by it. Even in extreme cases, such as a Light Assault Gun against an XIV Onslaught with armored turret mounts and heavy armor, each hit only loses about 60% of it's punch. Once you get to Assault Chainguns or above, hull armor only shaves off a little of the incoming damage.
Energy weapons suffer a little more, but owing to their fairly high damage per shot, they are in roughly the same boat as HE weapons.
High ROF kinetics, on the other hand, are absolutely wrecked by a decent amount of hull armor. Even 5% of destroyer level armor is enough to chop off half of a needler's damage. Even Heavy Auto Cannons lose a lot of their punch against capital grade armor. It gets a lot better when you start using "sniper" type kinetics, however - HVDs and Gauss are somewhat impacted by hull armor, but will never be totally crippled by it (except, perhaps, when stacking several armor boosting skills).
Vulcans only deal marginal damage to destroyer grade armor or above, no matter how much armor stripping you apply beforehand. Look, they are bad at killing things that aren't damaged frigates or missiles, OK? Even their ridiculous raw DPS doesn't save them. As an aside, they start doing minimum damage at less armor damage than most fighters have, meaning that something like a warthog can sit point blank in front of a Vulcan for several seconds before dying (and in reality, most rounds fired by Vulcans miss).
The Thumper's damage suffers quite a bit, but unlike Vulcans, their damage per shot plus their ridiculously high raw DPS and flux efficiency means that anything that isn't rocking capital grade armor will still get torn to shreds quicker than most other kinetic or HE weapons in the same slot.
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